Table 5 Univariable cox regression results
From: Diabetes mellitus in dogs attending UK primary-care practices: frequency, risk factors and survival
Variable | Number (%) n = 409 | Hazard Ratio | 95% CIa | Category P-value | Variable P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis Median (range) | 10.00 (3.16–18.00) | < 0.001 | |||
Age at diagnosis | |||||
3 to < 8 years | 77 (18.8%) | Base | < 0.001 | ||
8 to < 10 years | 124 (30.3%) | 1.05 | 0.70–1.59 | 0.805 | |
10 to < 13 years | 165 (40.3%) | 2.25 | 1.54–3.29 | < 0.001 | |
> 13 years | 43 (10.5%) | 2.69 | 1.64–4.43 | < 0.001 | |
Sex | 0.277 | ||||
Female | 200 (48.9%) | Base | |||
Male | 209 (51.1%) | 0.87 | 0.68–1.12 | 0.277 | |
Neuter status | 0.001 | ||||
Entire | 120 (29.3%) | Base | |||
Neutered | 289 (70.7%) | 0.62 | 0.47–0.81 | 0.001 | |
Sex-neuter | 0.072 | ||||
Male-entire | 49 (12.0%) | Base | |||
Male-neutered | 160 (39.1%) | 0.63 | 0.42–0.95 | 0.029 | |
Female-entire | 78 (19.1%) | 0.92 | 0.58–1.47 | 0.738 | |
Female-neutered | 122 (29.8%) | 0.74 | 0.48–1.12 | 0.155 | |
Purebred status | |||||
Crossbred | 92 (22.5%) | Base | 0.895 | ||
Purebred | 317 (77.5%) | 0.99 | 0.86–1.15 | 0.895 | |
Weight: PUREBRED ONLY | n = 253 | ||||
Below breed mean | 92 (36.4%) | Base | 0.459 | ||
At or above breed mean | 161 (63.6%) | 0.88 | 0.63–1.23 | 0.459 | |
Breed (≥5 dogs per breed) | |||||
Crossbred | 88 (21.5%) | Base | 0.029 | ||
Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 9 (2.2%) | 2.16 | 1.02–4.55 | 0.043 | |
Cocker Spaniel | 21 (5.1%) | 1.61 | 0.85–3.07 | 0.147 | |
Border Terrier | 5 (1.2%) | 1.40 | 0.80–2.43 | 0.239 | |
Jack Russell Terrier | 10 (2.4%) | 1.20 | 0.72–1.99 | 0.487 | |
Purebred (other) | 53 (13.0%) | 1.11 | 0.73–1.67 | 0.631 | |
Labrador Retriever | 30 (7.3%) | 1.16 | 0.67–1.99 | 0.599 | |
Tibetan Terrier | 11 (2.7%) | 0.81 | 0.33–2.02 | 0.653 | |
West Highland White Terrier | 16 (3.9%) | 1.07 | 0.70–1.64 | 0.753 | |
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 32 (7.8%) | 0.67 | 0.32–1.41 | 0.291 | |
Miniature Schnauzer | 13 (3.2%) | 0.82 | 0.35–1.89 | 0.636 | |
Yorkshire Terrier | 13 (3.2%) | 0.63 | 0.36–1.09 | 0.097 | |
Cairn Terrier | 25 (6.1%) | 0.46 | 0.11–1.89 | 0.281 | |
Border Collie | 71 (17.4%) | 0.47 | 0.21–1.03 | 0.060 | |
Bichon Frise | 12 (2.9%) | 0.43 | 0.17–1.07 | 0.069 | |
Co-morbidities/medication: | |||||
Glucocorticoids Yes | 34 (8.3%) | 1.70 | 1.14–2.52 | 0.014 | |
No | 375 (91.7%) | Base | 0.014 | ||
Obesity Yes | 67 (16.4%) | 0.67 | 0.47–0.96 | 0.023 | |
No | 342 (83.6%) | Base | 0.023 | ||
Hyperadrenocorticism Yes | 26 (6.4%) | 1.33 | 0.82–2.15 | 0.263 | |
No | 383 (93.6%) | Base | 0.263 | ||
Pancreatitis Yes | 46 (11.3%) | 1.11 | 0.76–1.61 | 0.593 | |
No | 363 (88.8%) | Base | 0.593 | ||
Insurance status | |||||
Insured | 133 (32.5%) | 0.86 | 0.67–1.12 | 0.267 | |
Not Insured | 276 (67.5%) | Base | 0.267 | ||
Veterinary group | 0.8437 | ||||
A | 3 (0.7%) | 1.08 | 0.15–7.71 | 0.941 | |
B | 147 (35.9%) | 0.89 | 0.67–1.18 | 0.403 | |
C | 55 (13.5%) | 1.12 | 0.77–1.63 | 0.549 | |
D | 201 (49.1%) | Base | |||
E | 3 (0.7%) | 1.09 | 0.27–4.41 | 0.903 | |
BG level at diagnosis | 0.003 | ||||
Median (range) mmol/L | 28.1 (12.2–51.7) | ||||
< 20 mmol/L | 34 (8.3%) | Base | |||
20 to < 30 mmol/L | 108 (26.4%) | 0.93 | 0.55–1.57 | 0.774 | |
30 to < 40 mmol/L | 83 (20.3%) | 1.53 | 0.90–2.61 | 0.118 | |
> 40 mmol/L | 23 (5.6%) | 2.48 | 1.29–4.78 | 0.007 | |
No evidence/record of BG level | 161 (39.4%) | 1.37 | 0.83–2.27 | 0.215 | |
Ketotic at diagnosis | 0.095 | ||||
Ketotic | 134 (32.8%) | 1.15 | 0.86–1.54 | 0.332 | |
Not ketotic | 179 (43.8%) | Base | |||
No record of assessing ketones | 96 (23.5%) | 1.42 | 1.04–1.95 | 0.028 | |
Cataracts diagnosed within 3 months of diagnosis | 0.500 | ||||
Cataracts diagnosed | 134 (32.8%) | 0.91 | 0.70–1.19 | 0.502 | |
No mention of cataracts | 275 (67.2%) | Base | |||
Hospitalised at diagnosis | 0.866 | ||||
Dog hospitalised | 66 (16.1%) | 0.97 | 0.69–1.36 | 0.867 | |
No evidence of hospitalisation | 343 (83.9%) | Base | |||
Referred for advanced management | 0.991 | ||||
Referred | 24 (6.0%) | 1.00 | 0.57–1.75 | 0.991 | |
Not referred | 378 (94.0%) | Base | |||
Insulin treatment | < 0.001 | ||||
Treated with insulin | 362 (88.5%) | 0.08 | 0.05–0.12 | < 0.001 | |
Not treated | 40 (9.8%) | Base | |||
Insulin treatment unknown | 7 (1.7%) | . | . | . | |
Initial insulin regime | n = 328 | 0.883 | |||
Once daily injections | 67 (20.4%) | 0.91 | 0.62–1.32 | 0.612 | |
Twice daily injections | 224 (68.3%) | Base | |||
> 2x daily injections | 24 (7.3%) | 1.17 | 0.68–2.03 | 0.571 | |
Constant Rate Infusion | 13 (4.0%) | 0.96 | 0.45–2.06 | 0.921 | |
MANAGEMENT (multiple methods per dog) | |||||
Home blood glucose measurements: Yes | 45 (11.0%) | 1.06 | 0.74–1.52 | 0.733 | 0.735 |
No | 338 (89.0%) | Base | |||
Blood glucose curve practice: Yes | 234 (57.2%) | 0.51 | 0.39–0.65 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
No | 175 (42.8%) | Base | |||
Fructosamine: Yes | 135 (33.0%) | 0.65 | 0.50–0.85 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
No | 274 (67.0%) | Base | |||
Spot blood glucose: Yes | 247 (60.4%) | 0.66 | 0.51–0.85 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
No | 162 (39.6%) | Base | |||
Bloods (unspecified): Yes | 110 (26.9%) | 0.82 | 0.62–1.09 | 0.171 | 0.164 |
No | 299 (73.1%) | Base | |||
Urinalysis: Yes | 160 (39.1%) | 0.79 | 0.61–1.01 | 0.063 | 0.061 |
No | 249 (60.9%) | Base | |||
Recommended diet change: Yes | 149 (36.4%) | 0.53 | 0.41–0.70 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
No | 260 (63.6%) | Base | |||
Other (Fluid therapy/imaging): Yes | 108 (26.4%) | 1.07 | 0.81–1.41 | 0.632 | 0.632 |
No | 301 (73.6%) | Base | |||