Table 1 Descriptive statistics and univariable logistic regression results identifying demographic risk factors of osteosarcoma in UK dogs

Purebred Status

Crossbred

300 (17.1)

197,549 (21.8)

Base

Purebred

1429 (81.4)

703,601 (77.7)

1.34

1.18–1.51

< 0.001

Purebred status unrecorded

27 (1.5)

4061 (0.4)

4.38

2.95–6.5

< 0.001

Breed

Crossbred

300 (17.1)

197,549 (21.8)

Base

Rhodesian Ridgeback

29 (1.7)

1495 (0.2)

12.77

8.70–18.76

< 0.001

Rottweiler

139 (7.9)

7223 (0.8)

12.67

10.35–15.52

< 0.001

Greyhound (Unspecified)

103 (5.9)

5511 (0.6)

12.31

9.82–15.42

< 0.001

Great Dane

19 (1.1)

1258 (0.1)

9.95

6.23–15.86

< 0.001

German Pointer

21 (1.2)

1578 (0.2)

8.76

5.61–13.68

< 0.001

Mastiff (Unspecified)

35 (2.0)

3096 (0.3)

7.44

5.24–10.58

< 0.001

Pinscher (Unspecified)

29 (1.7)

2566 (0.3)

7.44

5.07–10.92

< 0.001

Lurcher

53 (3.0)

6016 (0.7)

5.8

4.33–7.78

< 0.001

Breed not recorded

27 (1.5)

4061 (0.4)

4.38

2.95–6.50

< 0.001

Golden Retriever

65 (3.7)

9785 (1.1)

4.37

3.34–5.72

< 0.001

Collie (Unspecified)

13 (0.7)

1983 (0.2)

4.32

2.47–7.54

< 0.001

Fox Terrier

5 (0.3)

1013 (0.1)

3.25

1.34–7.88

0.009

Weimaraner

11 (0.6)

2414 (0.3)

3.00

1.64–5.48

< 0.001

Standard Poodle

5 (0.3)

1128 (0.1)

2.92

1.20–7.08

0.018

Labrador Retriever

260 (14.8)

59,925 (6.6)

2.86

2.42–3.37

< 0.001

Akita (Unspecified)

8 (0.5)

2037 (0.2)

2.59

1.28–5.23

0.008

Poodle (Unspecified)

4 (0.2)

1050 (0.1)

2.51

0.93–6.74

0.068

Boxer

35 (2.0)

9438 (1.0)

2.44

1.72–3.47

< 0.001

Scottish Terrier

5 (0.3)

1455 (0.2)

2.26

0.93–5.48

0.071

German Shepherd Dog

65 (3.7)

21,360 (2.4)

2.00

1.53–2.62

< 0.001

Tibetan Terrier

5 (0.3)

1870 (0.2)

1.76

0.73–4.27

0.210

Hungarian Vizsla

5 (0.3)

1976 (0.2)

1.67

0.69–4.04

0.258

American Bulldog

8 (0.5)

3225 (0.4)

1.63

0.81–3.3

0.171

Cairn Terrier

6 (0.3)

2470 (0.3)

1.60

0.71–3.59

0.255

Dogue de Bordeaux

7 (0.4)

3030 (0.3)

1.52

0.72–3.22

0.273

Labradoodle

17 (1.0)

7595 (0.8)

1.47

0.90–2.40

0.120

Alaskan Malamute

4 (0.2)

1915 (0.2)

1.38

0.51–3.69

0.527

Dalmatian

5 (0.3)

2720 (0.3)

1.21

0.50–2.93

0.672

English Springer Spaniel

30 (1.7)

20,198 (2.2)

0.98

0.67–1.42

0.908

Whippet

7 (0.4)

4684 (0.5)

0.98

0.46–2.08

0.967

Border Collie

29 (1.7)

22,403 (2.5)

0.85

0.58–1.25

0.412

Bulldog (Unspecified)

4 (0.2)

3232 (0.4)

0.81

0.30–2.19

0.685

Staffordshire Bull Terrier

63 (3.6)

53,934 (6.0)

0.77

0.59–1.01

0.058

Other Purebred

223 (12.7)

206,227 (22.8)

0.71

0.60–0.85

< 0.001

West Highland White Terrier

20 (1.1)

18,875 (2.1)

0.70

0.44–1.10

0.119

Cocker Spaniel

25 (1.4)

33,073 (3.7)

0.50

0.33–0.75

0.001

Beagle

6 (0.3)

8070 (0.9)

0.49

0.22–1.10

0.083

Jack Russell Terrier

33 (1.9)

48,569 (5.4)

0.45

0.31–0.64

< 0.001

Border Terrier

6 (0.3)

9651 (1.1)

0.41

0.18–0.92

0.030

Bichon Frise

7 (0.4)

13,268 (1.5)

0.35

0.16–0.74

0.006

Husky

4 (0.2)

8524 (0.9)

0.31

0.12–0.83

0.020

Cavalier King Charles Spaniel

7 (0.4)

17,257 (1.9)

0.27

0.13–0.57

0.001

French Bulldog

4 (0.2)

16,397 (1.8)

0.16

0.06–0.43

< 0.001

Shar-Pei

NA (NA)

3647 (0.4)

Cavachon

NA (NA)

3535 (0.4)

Maltese

NA (NA)

3248 (0.4)

Cavapoo

NA (NA)

4035 (0.4)

Cockapoo

NA (NA)

18,260 (2.0)

King Charles Spaniel

NA (NA)

2813 (0.3)

Sprocker

NA (NA)

3338 (0.4)

Miniature Poodle

NA (NA)

2415 (0.3)

Boston Terrier

NA (NA)

1799 (0.2)

Chow Chow

NA (NA)

1002 (0.1)

Dachshund (Unspecified)

NA (NA)

1692 (0.2)

Goldendoodle

NA (NA)

1128 (0.1)

Jackapoo

NA (NA)

1362 (0.2)

Jug

NA (NA)

1967 (0.2)

Miniature Yorkshire Terrier

NA (NA)

1560 (0.2)

Puggle

NA (NA)

1173 (0.1)

Standard Dachshund

NA (NA)

1133 (0.1)

KC Breed Group

Toy

26 (1.5)

131,897 (14.6)

Base

Gundog

484 (27.6)

135,606 (15.0)

18.11

12.20–26.87

< 0.001

Hound

164 (9.3)

31,364 (3.5)

26.53

17.54–40.13

< 0.001

Not KC Recognised

390 (22.2)

263,616 (29.1)

7.51

5.05–11.16

< 0.001

Pastoral

144 (8.2)

51,675 (5.7)

14.14

9.31–21.47

< 0.001

Terrier

153 (8.7)

145,828 (16.1)

5.32

3.51–8.07

< 0.001

Utility

46 (2.6)

102,627 (11.3)

2.27

1.41–3.68

0.001

Body mass (kg)

< 10

89 (5.1)

213,321 (23.6)

Base

10–19.9

435 (24.8)

167,774 (18.5)

6.21

4.95–7.81

< 0.001

20–29.9

392 (22.3)

117,620 (13.0)

7.99

6.35–10.06

< 0.001

30–39.9

522 (29.7)

69,856 (7.7)

17.91

14.30–22.43

< 0.001

> 40

231 (13.2)

26,178 (2.9)

21.15

16.56–27.02

< 0.001

Body mass Unrecorded

87 (5.0)

310,462 (34.3)

0.67

0.50–0.90

0.008

Age (y)

< 3

101 (5.8)

329,270 (36.4)

Base

3 to < 6

204 (11.6)

223,344 (24.7)

2.98

2.35–3.78

< 0.001

6 to < 9

589 (33.5)

162,000 (17.9)

11.85

9.60–14.64

< 0.001

9 to < 12

589 (33.5)

108,448 (12.0)

17.71

14.34–21.87

< 0.001

> 12

188 (10.7)

69,726 (7.7)

8.79

6.90–11.20

< 0.001

Age Unrecorded

85 (4.8)

12,423 (1.4)

22.31

16.71–29.78

< 0.001

Sex/Neuter Status

Female Entire

41 (2.3)

233,772 (25.8)

Base

Female Neutered

507 (28.9)

197,768 (21.8)

14.62

10.63–20.10

< 0.001

Male Entire

59 (3.4)

259,460 (28.7)

1.30

0.87–1.93

0.202

Male Neutered

574 (32.7)

209,982 (23.2)

15.59

11.35–21.4

< 0.001

Sex Unrecorded

575 (32.7)

4229 (0.5)

775.24

563.91–1065.77

< 0.001

Dachshund Status

Non-Dachshund-type

1426 (81.2)

696,999 (77.0)

Base

Dachshund-type

3 (0.2)

10,288 (1.1)

0.14

0.05–0.44

0.001

Dachshund Status Unrecorded

327 (18.6)

197,924 (21.9)

0.81

0.72–0.91

< 0.001

Spaniel Status

Non-Spaniel-type

1360 (77.4)

630,349 (69.6)

Base

Spaniel-type

69 (3.9)

76,938 (8.5)

0.42

0.33–0.53

< 0.001

Spaniel Status Unrecorded

327 (18.6)

197,924 (21.9)

0.77

0.68–0.86

< 0.001

Chondrodystrophy Status

Non-Chondrodystriphic

1165 (66.3)

290,490 (32.1)

Base

Chondrodystrophic

165 (9.4)

331,858 (36.7)

0.12

0.11–0.15

< 0.001

Chondrodystrophy Unrecorded

426 (24.3)

282,863 (31.2)

0.38

0.34–0.42

< 0.001

Skull Shape

Mesocephalic

982 (55.9)

452,296 (50.0)

Base

Brachycephalic

106 (6.0)

166,883 (18.4)

0.29

0.24–0.36

< 0.001

Dolichocephalic

341 (19.4)

75,770 (8.4)

2.07

1.83–2.35

< 0.001

Skull Shape Unrecorded

327 (18.6)

210,262 (23.2)

0.72

0.63–0.81

< 0.001