Skip to main content
Download PDF

Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) associated with the erythrocyte antigens in dogs

Canine Genetics and Epidemiology volume 6, Article number: 9 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is synthesized from its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by cytidine-5′-monophospho-N acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), which is encoded by the CMAH gene. Most mammals have both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac, but humans and ferrets have only Neu5Ac because of loss-of-function mutations. Dogs and cats are polymorphic for Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expression like cats, in which the CMAH gene is responsible for the AB Blood group system. Although the CMAH gene has been characterized in many species, not much is known about it in dogs. In this study, we cloned the dog CMAH cDNA, and performed mRNA expression analysis of this gene in several organs. We also identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CMAH gene.

Results

We cloned the 1737-bp open reading frame of the dog CMAH gene. This gene consists of at least 14 coding exons and codes for a polypeptide of 578 amino acids and is located on chromosome 35. The amino acid identities of dog CMAH with the corresponding sequences from cat, pig, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat were high (89 to 93%). RT-PCR analysis showed that the dog CMAH cDNA was expressed in various tissues. We identified four exonic SNPs (three synonymous and one non-synonymous), 11 intronic SNPs, and an indel in 11 dog breeds by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 14 exons, including the coding region of CMAH. In the genotype of the non-synonymous SNP, c.554 A > G (p.Lys185Arg), in a total of 285 dogs of seven different breeds, the allele G was widely distributed, and the allele A was the most frequent in the Shiba dogs. The dogs expressing Neu5Ac did not carry the loss-of-function deletion of CMAH found in humans and ferrets, and it remains unclear whether the point mutations influence the expression of Neu5Ac.

Conclusions

We characterized the canine CMAH gene at the molecular level for the first time. The results obtained in this study provide essential information that will help in understanding the molecular roles of the CMAH gene in canine erythrocyte antigens.

Plain English summary

The sialic acids that are commonly found in mammalian cells are N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). The enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), which is encoded by the CMAH gene, catalyzes the conversion of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. In humans and ferrets, the CMAH enzyme is inactivated because of a genetic error in the CMAH gene, and thus, Neu5Gc is not produced. This represents one of the few differences between man and apes at the protein level, with various potential evolutionary roles, such as in the selection against pathogens and inflammation. In cats, the AB blood groups are a result of mutations in the CMAH gene that affect the production of Neu5Gc. Cats with Neu5Gc represent blood type A antigen and cats with Neu5Ac represent blood type B antigen. Dogs can also be categorized on the basis of the presence of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc. In general, most European dogs have Neu5Ac whereas dogs of East Asian origin may have either. In addition, Neu5Gc is suggested to be the target receptor for pathogens, such as canine parvoviruses and equine influenza A virus in dogs. Although the CMAH gene has been well characterized in cats, not much is known about it in dogs. We have characterized the dog CMAH gene for the first time and show that it is located on chromosome 35, with a 1737-bp open reading frame, consisting of 14 coding exons which code for a polypeptide of 578 amino acids, Dog CMAH cDNA was expressed in various tissues as assessed by RT-PCR. We also identified four exonic and 11 intronic SNPs, and an indel in CMAH in 11 dog breeds. One SNP, c.554 A > G (p.Lys185Arg), was found to be widely distributed in 285 dogs from seven breeds. Moreover, the Shiba dog was identified to be the most polymorphic at this locus among the breeds used in the study. We demonstrate, for the first time, the molecular characterization of the canine CMAH gene. The results obtained in this study provide essential information that will help in understanding the molecular roles of the CMAH gene in the canine erythrocyte antigens.

Background

Sialic acids are components of carbohydrate chains of glycoconjugates. The sialic acids that are commonly found in mammalian cells are N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). The enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH), which is encoded by the CMAH gene, catalyzes the conversion of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc [1, 2]. Owing to the presence of a non-functional deletion mutant of CMAH, humans have only Neu5Ac [3,4,5,6]. The absence of Neu5Gc as a consequence of the inactivation of CMAH might have affected several aspects of evolutionary and human biology (such as selection against pathogens, neural functions, and inflammation) in multiple ways [7,8,9,10,11]. In xenotransplantation, Neu5Gc is a known xenoantigen of animals for humans [12, 13]. In addition, Neu5Gc is also a factor responsible for red meat syndrome [14], which occurs through the diet [8]. To investigate the role of CMAH, CMAH knockout animals, including pigs, cattle and mice, have been produced [13, 15,16,17,18,19].

Several dog and cat breeds are polymorphic for Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expression. Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac are antigens known to be involved in the feline AB blood group system [20, 21], and are the most significant antigens in transfusion medicine in cats and in neonatal isoerythrolysis [22,23,24,25,26]. The feline AB blood group system consists of A and B antigens and includes blood groups, type A and type B, and the rare blood group type AB. The type A and type B antigens are Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac, respectively. The erythrocytes in the rare blood group, type AB, express both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac. In cats, the serum contains naturally occurring antibodies against antigens not present in each cat, i.e., 95% of type A cats have antibodies to type B antigen, and 35% of type B cats have antibodies to type A antigen [27]. The Neu5Ac expression results from the non-functional CMAH gene as a result of deletion, especially in exon 6. There are several mutations in the CMAH gene in cats that could be associated with the loss or reduced activity of the CMAH enzyme (conversion of Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc), controlling the expression of Neu5Ac (B antigen) in type B and type AB cats [28,29,30,31].

Dogs can be clearly divided into two groups, namely the Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac groups. The Neu5Gc group has autosomal dominant inheritance of Neu5Ac, as determined by pedigree analysis [32]. A few mongrel dogs, some Kai dogs, Kishu dogs, Japanese spaniel, and Shiba dogs have either Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc. Among these dogs, Shiba are most frequently observed to have Neu5Gc expression on erythrocytes, whereas most European dogs have Neu5Ac expression and no Neu5Gc expression [32, 33].

Polymorphic Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expression on cat erythrocytes define the blood group systems. The different forms of these sialic acids result in either a new blood type or one of the blood types present in dogs. Löfling et al. recently reported that canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize Neu5Gc [34]. In addition, an equine influenza A (H3N8) virus, with W222 L mutation in hemagglutinin, had increased binding of canine-specific receptors with sialyl Lewis X and Neu5Gc motifs [35].

Although Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac are important molecules, possibly associated with blood groups in dogs and also with infectious diseases, the molecular basis underlying the function of dog CMAH is not much understood. Herein, we report, for the first time, the cloning of CMAH cDNA, the expression of CMAH mRNA in various tissues, and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present in this gene.

Results

Cloning of the full-length cDNA of dog CMAH

A 1737-bp open reading frame (ORF) of dog CMAH was amplified using cDNA prepared from dog bone marrow by RT-PCR (Fig. 1). The complete nucleotide sequence of the dog CMAH coding region was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. AB067771). The cDNA was predicted to encode a protein of 578 amino acid residues (Fig. 2). The ORF of CMAH was shown to be composed of 14 exons by comparison with the dog genome sequences (NC_006617.3).

Fig. 1
figure1

Dog CMAH cDNA amplified from total RNA extracted from bone marrow by RT-PCR. M: 100 bp DNA Marker (Bio Regenerations Co. Ltd.), Lane 1: cDNA encompassing exons 1a to 9 (Fragment 1 in Table 3), Lane 2: cDNA encompassing exons 8 to E15 (Fragment 2 in Table 3), 3: Lane cDNA encompassing exons 1a to E15 (Fragment 3 in Table 3)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure2

Nucleotide sequence and exon borders of the coding region of the dog CMAH gene. Orange bar: exon boundaries resulting from comparison of nucleotide sequence of the dog CMAH cDNA with the dog genome sequence (NC_006617.3). Number above each line is number of nucleotide sequences. Under line: Start Codon, *: Stop codon

Full size image

The dog CMAH amino acid sequence was 93% identical with the cat [30], 93% with the chimpanzee, (NP_001009041), 92% with the pig (NP_001106486), 90% with the mouse (NP_001104580), 89% with the rat (NP_001019444.1), and 68% with the zebra fish (NP_001002192) CMAH sequences. Multiple alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of these CMAH is shown in Additional file 1. The evolutionary tree generated by the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean using Genetyx-MAC is shown in Additional file 2. The human protein (AAC68881) is only 72 amino acids long and is nonfunctional because of a 92-bp frame-shifting exon deletion [3, 4].

Expression analysis of CMAH mRNA in various tissues

To determine the expression of canine CMAH in different tissues, we performed RT-PCR using total RNA extracted from 28 tissues. The integrity of RNA was examined by amplification of GAPDH cDNA. The amplification of dog CMAH cDNA, encompassing exons 2 to 4 (342 bp), was observed for bone marrow, brain, spinal cord, tongue, trachea, esophagus, stomach, heart, lung, thymus, spleen, bladder, liver, kidney, uterus, testis, duodenum, jejunum, colon, rectum, and skin samples (Fig. 3). However, no or extremely low amplification was observed in samples from eye, diaphragm, adrenal, adipose, and muscle tissues.

Fig. 3
figure3

RT-PCR analysis of canine CMAH mRNA in various tissues of dog. Dog CMAH cDNA encompassing exons 2 to 4 (342 bp) was amplified from various tissues. The integrity of RNA was examined using the primer pair for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

Full size image

Discovery of SNPs in the canine CMAH gene

To identify DNA polymorphisms in the canine CMAH gene, 14 regions of the canine gene were individually amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA samples from 11 dogs, each from a different breed. We identified 15 SNPs (4 exonic and 11 intronic) and indels in the 11 dogs, with some found in a single breed, and others in several breeds. The nucleotides in the dog genome sequence (NC_006617.3) corresponding to the polymorphic alleles were considered as wild type in this study. The different DNA polymorphisms of the canine CMAH gene are shown in Fig. 4. In addition, the genotype of the canine CMAH gene in 11 dogs is also shown in Additional file 3.

Fig. 4
figure4

Schematic representation of the DNA polymorphisms detected in canine CMAH. Genomic structure of the CMAH gene from dog was obtained by comparative analysis of mRNA sequences and whole genome shotgun sequence (Accession No. NC_006617.3, chromosome 35). □: Exon (UTR), ■: CDS, ▬: Intron. The position of the identified DNA polymorphism was numbered from the A of the initiator methionine ATG codon considered to be + 1, as revealed in the exon. In introns, a positive number indicates the number of nucleotides from the previous exon, whereas a negative number indicates the number of nucleotides from the next exon

Full size image

Distribution of c.554 A > G SNP of CMAH in different dog breeds

In general, all European dogs have Neu5Ac but no Neu5Gc, while East Asian dogs have either of these two sialic acids [32, 33]. Three of the four exonic SNPs were synonymous: c.15 T > C (p.lle15lle) in exon 2, and c.1701G > A (p.Pro567Pro) and c.1713G > A (p.Arg571Arg) in exon 14. We focused on the one non-synonymous SNP, cc.554A > G (p.Lys185Arg) in exon 5, and determined its distribution in 229 dogs from seven breeds: Chihuahua, French Bulldog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Miniature Dachshund, Shiba Dog, and Toy Poodle (Table 1). Although the allele present in the Boxer dog genome sequence (NC_006617.3) was A at position c.554, this appears to be the minor allele (0.062 to 0.025) in the breeds we tested. We found that allele G was widely distributed (0.717 to 0.938) among six of the seven tested breeds. However, the genotyping results for the Shiba dog were different from the six other breeds at position c.554: making the Shiba dog the most polymorphic breed (G:0.665, A:0.335) at c.554 A > G.

Table 1 Distribution of c.554 A > G SNP of CMAH in different dog breeds
Full size table

The Argenine at codon 185 of the CMAH protein (allele G at position c.554) is conserved in the various species listed in Additional file 1 which include the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) (NCBI Reference Sequence: XM_025442865.1). Thus, the allele G may represent the wild type for position c.554.

Correlation of the CMAH gene at the c.554A > G locus in dogs with presence or absence of Neu5Ac expression

To investigate the CMAH polymorphisms in dogs with the presence or absence of Neu5Ac expression, the positive or negative phenotype for the binding of lectin with Neu5Ac was determined in 56 Shiba dogs and 29 Labrador Retrievers. Thereafter, the Shiba dogs were divided into two groups, positive (78.6%) or negative (21.4%), with regard to the binding of lectin with Neu5Ac. In contrast, all the Labrador Retriever dogs were positive for Neu5Ac (Table 2). We determined the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of the dog CMAH gene using genomic DNA extracted from the Shiba dogs that were positive or negative for the binding of lectin with Neu5Ac. Genomic analysis of the dog CMAH gene in the coding region showed that there were no loss-of-function deletions related to the Neu5Ac expression in the Shiba dog, unlike humans and ferrets [3, 4, 36].

Table 2 Correlation of the CMAH gene at the c.554A > G locus in dogs with presence or absence of Neu5Ac expression
Full size table

Since the presence of several point mutations are associated with Neu5Ac expression in cats [28,29,30], we investigated whether there was a correlation in dogs with the presence or absence of Neu5Ac expression with the position c.554A > G (Table 2). For the dogs that had positive binding of lectin with Neu5Ac, the genotype frequencies in Shiba dogs were: AA 22.7%, AG 47.7% and GG 29.5%, while in Labradors the genotype frequencies were: AA 0%, AG 10.3% and GG 89.7%. However, in Shiba dogs that were negative for the binding, the genotype frequencies were AA 0%, AG 33.3% and GG 66.7%. These results do not clarify whether the point mutations at c.554A > G influence the expression of Neu5Ac.

Discussion

Although the CMAH gene has been characterized in many species, not much is known about this gene in dogs. We cloned the dog CMAH cDNA, and performed mRNA expression analysis of this gene in several different tissues, and identified SNPs in the CMAH gene.

The molecular characterization of canine CMAH, which is responsible for the synthesis of Neu5Gc from Neu5Ac, involved cloning the cDNA, assessing the mRNA expression in several different tissues, identifying the SNPs present in the gene, and examining the distribution of one of the identified SNPs in different dog breeds.

The dog CMAH gene consists of at least 14 coding exons and encodes a protein of 578 amino acids. It is located on chromosome 35. The amino acid sequence was found to be highly similar (89–93%) with the corresponding sequences in cat, pig, chimpanzee, mouse, and rat. Interestingly, the amino acid sequence of CMAH from Canis lupus familiaris (dog) showed 100% identity with the predicted sequence from CMAH mRNA from Canis lupus dingo (dingo) in the NCBI database (Accession No.: XM_025442865).

In cats, CMAH is expressed in most of the tissues (Additional file 4). In dogs, this gene was observed to be expressed in many tissues; but it was not expressed in all of the tissues. The breed or phenotype (Neu5Gc or Neu5Ac) of the dog from which the commercial cDNA sample was prepared was unknown.

We demonstrate the presence of the CMAH gene and its expression in dogs, which suggests that dogs also have the CMAH enzyme, like other mammals. Neu5Ac is a precursor of other diverse sialic acids, including Neu5Gc. Expression of Neu5Ac by elimination of Neu5Gc, results from two different genetic mechanisms: the loss-of-function deletion (as in humans [3, 4] and ferrets [36]), or point mutation (as in cats [28,29,30,31]). It is known that all European dogs have Neu5Ac and they do not have Neu5Gc; however, Shiba dogs can have either of the two [32]. In this study, no deletion in the coding region of CMAH was found in Labrador Retrievers or Shiba dogs expressing Neu5Ac, (Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 4). These results suggest that the genetic mechanism of expression of Neu5Ac is not a loss-of-function deletion in the coding region of the CMAH gene but a point mutation.

Several non-synonymous SNPs were reported in the Neu5Ac expressing cats (Types B and AB) [28,29,30,31]. In canine CMAH, we detected a non-synonymous, c.554A > G (p.Lys185Arg), mutation in exon 5. The allele G or GG genotypes at c.554 A > G in the dog CMAH gene were widely distributed in seven breeds of dog (Table 1). Since most European dogs express Neu5Ac, but not Neu5Gc [32, 33], we assumed that the allele G at c.554 A > G was associated with Neu5Ac. This hypothesis matched the genotype results from 29 Labrador Retriever with Neu5Ac expression, but this was not the case for Shiba Dogs positive for the binding of lectin with Neu5Ac (Table 2). Thus, it remains unclear whether the amino acid substitution (p.Lys185Arg) caused by the c.554A > G SNP influences the Neu5Ac expression based on the CMAH activity. Recently, a promoter region responsible for the intestine-specific regulation of porcine CMAH was found [37, 38]. Future studies will need to investigate the promoter region of dog CMAH to determine the regulation of the expression of this gene.

Neu5Gc is considered to be a target receptor for pathogens, such as canine parvoviruses and equine influenza A (H3N8) virus in dogs [34, 35]. In humans, Neu5Gc has been suggested to be a target receptor for pathogens as well as a tumour marker and a major xenoantigen, and is also reported to be involved in inflammation [7,8,9,10,11]. In addition, the antigens of Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac expressed on dog erythrocyte membrane may, or may not, help define the dog blood group system. The characterization of dog CMAH gene would help understand the roles of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc in dog biology.

Conclusion

We identified a 1737-bp ORF of the canine CMAH gene. This gene consists of at least 14 exons, encoding a 578-amino acid protein, and is located on chromosome 35. The RT-PCR analysis showed that the dog CMAH cDNA was expressed in several tissues. There were no loss-of-function deletion mutants of CMAH in dogs expressing Neu5Ac. We identified a non-synonymous c.554A > G (p.Lys185Arg) SNP in exon 5. The Shiba dog was most polymorphic (G: 0.665, A: 0.335) at c.554 A > G, in contrast to the other six breeds investigated. Whether this SNP influences the expression of Neu5Ac remains unknown. The results of the present study provide useful information for understanding the molecular roles of the CMAH gene in the canine erythrocyte antigens.

Methods

Dogs

Genomic DNA samples extracted from the blood of one dog each from 11 different breeds (Miniature Dachshund, Welsh Corgi, Labrador Retriever, Shetland Sheepdog, Beagle, Yorkshire Terrier, Dobermann, Whippet, Weimaraner, Papillon, and Shiba dog) were used for detection of mutations in CMAH. For genotyping, genomic DNA from 197 dogs belonging to seven different breeds (34 Chihuahua, 35 French Bulldog, 30 Golden Retriever, 32 Labrador Retriever, 33 Miniature Dachshund, 31 Shiba Dog, and 34 Toy Poodle) was used. Blood samples from 56 Shiba dogs and 29 Labrador Retriever were used for association study between the Neu5Ac expression and the genotype. In each case, genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the Puregene kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

The blood samples of random dog populations were provided by the Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science (NVLU). The samples were collected at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at NVLU, with the written consent of dog owners. Sample collection was only handled by licensed veterinarians. This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee at NVLU.

Cloning of CMAH cDNA

We amplified three different fragments using cDNA prepared from the bone marrow, with three primer pairs (dCMAH-ElaF/dCMAH-E9R, dCMAH-E8F/dCMAH-E15R, and dCMAH-ElaF/dCMAH-E15R), including the ORF for canine CMAH. These primers were designed based on the draft sequence of the canine genome (GenBank Accession No. NC_006617.3) and our previous study [30]. RT-PCR was performed using FastStart Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The 25-μL RT-PCR mixture contained 0.2 μL cDNA, 2.5 μL 10X PCR buffer with 20 mM MgCl2, 0.5 μL 10 mM dNTP, 1 μL 20 pmol upstream PCR primer, 1 μL 20 pmol downstream PCR primer, and 2 U FastStart Taq DNA polymerase. PCR amplification was performed using the following temperature profile: 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min, 72 °C for 3 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. The list of primers and PCR conditions used in this study are presented in Table 3. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel with DNA markers as size standards and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. The PCR products, purified using High Pure PCR Product Purification Kit (Roche, Schweiz), were Sanger sequenced [39] and analyzed with a 3730 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).

Table 3 List of primer used for analysis of the canine CMAH gene
Full size table

Expression of CMAH in canine tissues

The expression analysis of CMAH was done with RT-PCR using cDNA from various canine tissues provided by Zyagen (San Diego, CA, USA) and Biochain Institute Inc. (Newark, CA, USA). We used cDNAs from bone marrow, brain, spinal cord, eye, tongue, trachea, esophagus, stomach, heart, lung, thymus, thymus, diaphragm, pancreas, spleen, bladder, liver, adrenal, kidney, uterus, testis, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, adipose, muscles, and skin. For each sample, the CMAH cDNA was amplified from exons 2 to 4. The canine GAPDH gene was used as an internal control [40]. The conditions and primers used for RT-PCR are shown in Table 3. The PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel with DNA markers as size standards and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.

Detection of CMAH mutations

Fourteen exons (exons 1a to 14) of CMAH containing coding regions were amplified from genomic DNA samples prepared from one dog each from 11 breeds by PCR (Table 3), and their sequences were determined. The DNA polymorphisms were identified by comparing each sequence with the reference sequence (Canine Genome Draft, NC_006617.3) using the BLAST tool available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information website and GENETYX program Ver. 11 (GENETYX Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The nucleotides in the reference sequence at the mutated position were regarded as the wild type. The positions of the identified DNA polymorphisms were numbered considering A of the initiator methionine ATG codon as + 1 in the case of exon. In the case of introns, a positive number indicates the number of nucleotides from the previous exon, whereas a negative number indicates the number of nucleotides from the next exon.

C.554A > G SNP genotyping

To characterize a missense SNP (c.554A > G SNP) in canine CMAH, identified in this study, we investigated its distribution by analysis of the sequences of the CMAH exons in seven different breeds using 197 genomic DNA samples.

We also determined the association between the c.554A > G SNP genotype and Neu5Ac expression. A total of 56 whole blood samples from Shiba dogs were used for this experiment. The lectin (wheat germ agglutinin) solution for Neu5Ac was prepared using the elution of the card recognizing the B (Neu5Ac) antigen in the RapidVet®-H Feline blood typing kit (Kyoritsu Seiyaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). A 3% suspension of RBCs from 56 Shiba dogs was diluted with physiological saline and mixed with the lectin solution recognizing Neu5Ac in 12 × 75 mm tubes, at room temperature, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 s. Agglutination was considered positive if RBCs remained agglutinated after the tubes were gently shaken. Thereafter, we performed the c.554A > G SNP genotyping using genomic DNA extracted from 56 whole blood samples.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this published article and in the supplementary information files.

Abbreviations

ACBT:

Beta Actin

CMAH:

Cytidine-5′-monophospho-N acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Neu5Ac:

N-acetylneuraminic acid

Neu5Gc:

N-glycolylneuraminic acid

ORF:

Open Reading Frame

PCR:

Polymerase Chain Reaction

RT-PCR:

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

SNPs:

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

References

  1. 1.

    Rutishauser U, Acheson A, Hall AK, Mann DM, Sunshine J. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as a regulator of cell-cell interactions. Science. 1988;240:53–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Kelm S, Schauer R, Crocker PR. The Sialoadhesins—a family of sialic acid-dependent cellular recognition molecules within the immunoglobulin superfamily. Glycoconj J. 1996;13:913–26.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Irie A, Koyama S, Kozutsumi Y, Kawasaki T, Suzuki A. The molecular basis for the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:15866–71.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Chou HH, Takematsu H, Diaz S, Iber J, Nickerson E, Wright KL, et al. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the homo-pan divergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:11751–6.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Varki A. Uniquely human evolution of sialic acid genetics and biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:8939–46.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Wood B, Collard M. The human genus. Science. 1999;284:65–71.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Alisson-Silva F, Liu JZ, Diaz SL, Deng L, Gareau MG, Marchelletta R, et al. Human evolutionary loss of epithelial Neu5Gc expression and species-specific susceptibility to cholera. PLoS Pathog. 2018;14(6):e1007133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Okerblom J, Varki A. Biochemical, cellular, physiological, and pathological consequences of human loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Chembiochem. 2017;18(13):1155–71.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Byres E, Paton AW, Paton JC, Löfling JC, Smith DF, Wilce MC, et al. Incorporation of a non-human glycan mediates human susceptibility to a bacterial toxin. Nature. 2008;456(7222):648–52.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Tangvoranuntakul P, Gagneux P, Diaz S, Bardor M, Varki N, Varki A, et al. Human uptake and incorporation of an immunogenic nonhuman dietary sialic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(21):12045–50.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Peri S, Kulkarni A, Feyertag F, Berninsone PM, Alvarez-Ponce D. Phylogenetic distribution of CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH), the enzyme synthetizing the proinflammatory human xenoantigen Neu5Gc. Genome Biol Evol. 2018;10(1):207–19.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Scobie L, Padler-Karavani V, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Crossan C, Blaha J, Matouskova M, et al. Long-term IgG response to porcine Neu5Gc antigens without transmission of PERV in burn patients treated with porcine skin xenografts. J Immunol. 2013;191(6):2907–15.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Lutz AJ, Li P, Estrada JL, Sidner RA, Chihara RK, Downey SM, et al. Double knockout pigs deficient in N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose α-1,3-galactose reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation. 2013;20(1):27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Apostolovic D, Tran TA, Starkhammar M, Sánchez-Vidaurre S, Hamsten C, Van Hage M. The red meat allergy syndrome in Sweden. Allergo J Int. 2016;25(2):49–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Hedlund M, Tangvoranuntakul P, Takematsu H, Long JM, Housley GD, Kozutsumi Y, et al. N-glycolylneuraminic acid deficiency in mice: implications for human biology and evolution. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(12):4340–6.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Kwon DN, Lee K, Kang MJ, Choi YJ, Park C, Whyte JJ, et al. Production of biallelic CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase knock-out pigs. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Kim GA, Lee EM, Jin JX, Lee S, Taweechaipaisankul A, Hwang JI, et al. Generation of CMAHKO/GTKO/shTNFRI-fc/HO-1 quadruple gene modified pigs. Transgenic Res. 2017;26(4):435–45.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Perota A, Lagutina I, Duchi R, Zanfrini E, Lazzari G, Judor JP, et al. Generation of cattle knockout for galactose-α1,3-galactose and N-glycolylneuraminic acid antigens. Xenotransplantation. 2019:e12524.

  19. 19.

    Wang RG, Ruan M, Zhang RJ, Chen L, Li XX, Fang B, et al. Antigenicity of tissues and organs from GGTA1/CMAH/β4GalNT2 triple gene knockout pigs. J Biomed Res. 2018. Jul 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.7555/JBR.32.20180018.

  20. 20.

    Andrews GA, Chavey PS, Smith JE, Rich L. N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid define feline blood group a and B antigens. Blood. 1992;79:2485–91.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Griot-Wenk M, Pahlsson P, Chisholm-Chait A, Spitalnik PF, Spitalnik SL, Giger U. Biochemical characterization of the feline AB blood group system. Anim Genet. 1993;24:401–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Griot-Wenk ME, Giger U. Feline transfusion medicine. Blood types and their clinical importance. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1995;25:1305–22.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Auer L, Bell K. Transfusion reactions in cats due to AB blood group incompatibility. Res Vet Sci. 1983;35:145–52.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Hohenhaus AE. Importance of blood groups and blood group antibodies in companion animals. Transfus Med Rev. 2004;18:117–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Giger U, Casal ML. Feline colostrum—friend or foe: maternal antibodies in queens and kittens. J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1997;51:313–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Axnér E. A questionnaire on survival of kittens depending on the blood groups of the parents. J Feline Med Surg. 2014;16:781–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Auer L, Bell K. The AB blood group system of cats. Anim Blood Groups Biochem Genet. 1981;12(4):287–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Bighignoli B, Niini T, Grahn RA, Pedersen NC, Millon LV, Polli M, et al. Cytidine monophosphate-N- acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) mutations associated with the domestic cat AB blood group. BMC Genet. 2007;8:27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Gustafson NA, Proverbio D, Spada E, Adhikari B, et al. A novel variant in CMAH is associated with blood type AB in ragdoll cats. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Omi T, Nakazawa S, Udagawa C, Tada N, Ochiai K, Chong YH, et al. Molecular characterization of the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene associated with the feline AB blood group system. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0165000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Kehl A, Heimberger K, Langbein-Detsch I, Boehmer S, Raj K, Mueller E, et al. Molecular characterization of blood type a, B, and C (AB) in domestic cats and a CMAH genotyping scheme. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0204287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Yasue S, Handa S, Miyagawa S, Inoue J, Hasegawa A, Yamakawa T. Difference in form of sialic acid in red blood cell glycolipids of different breeds of dogs. J Biochem. 1978;83(4):1101–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Hashimoto Y, Yamakawa T, Tanabe Y. Further studies on the red cell glycolipids of various breeds of dogs. A possible assumption about the origin of Japanese dogs. J Biochem. 1984;96(6):1777–82.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Löfling J, Lyi SM, Parrish CR, Varki A. Canine and feline parvoviruses preferentially recognize the non-human cell surface sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Virology. 2013;440:89–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Wen F, Blackmon S, Olivier AK, Li L, Guan M, Sun H, et al. Mutation W222L at the receptor binding site of hemagglutinin could facilitate viral adaption from equine influenza A(H3N8) virus to dogs. J Virol. 2018;92(18).

  36. 36.

    Ng PS, Böhm R, Hartley-Tassell LE, Steen JA, Wang H, Lukowski SW, et al. Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza a virus receptors. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5750.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Song KH, Kwak CH, Chung TW, Ha SH, Park JY, Ha KT, et al. Intestine specific regulation of pig cytidine-5′-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene for N-glycolylneuraminic acid biosynthesis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Song KH, Kwak CH, Jin UH, Ha SH, Park JY, Abekura F, et al. Housekeeping promoter 5'pcmah-2 of pig CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene for NeuGc expression. Glycoconj J. 2016;33(5):779–88.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Sanger F, Coulson AR. A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J Mol Biol. 1975;94(3):441–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Park SJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Lee SR, Kim SH, Kim SU, et al. Selection of internal reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in the canine brain and other organs. Mol Biotechnol. 2013;54(1):47–57.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the contribution of Professor Makoto Bonkobara, Dr. Junzo Asano, Mr. Shota Nakazawa, Ms. Yuka Shirai, Ms. Serika Hasemi, and the staff from the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at NVLU.

Funding

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 16 K08062 and 19 K06392.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Yumiko Uno and Shota Kawakami contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan

    Yumiko Uno, Shota Kawakami, Kazuhiko Ochiai & Toshinori Omi

Authors
  1. Yumiko Uno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shota Kawakami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kazuhiko Ochiai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Toshinori Omi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

YU contributed to the analysis and manuscript writing. SK contributed to the analysis. KO contributed to the design, analysis and review of the manuscript. TO was responsible for research concept, design, analysis, and manuscript writing. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Toshinori Omi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

The research was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee at NVLU.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Additional file 1

Multiple alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of CMAH in various species. Dot(.): same sequence for dog CMAH, dash (−): missing sequence for dog CMAH, *: position of amino acid residue at 185 that corresponded to dog CMAH (p.Lys185Arg).

Additional file 2

Evolutionary tree generated by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean from CMAH amino acid sequences using Genetyx-MAC.

Additional file 3.

List of genotypes of 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (4 exonic and 11 intronic) and an indel in 11 dogs, each from a different breed. Red character shows the nucleotide mutation revealed in this study.

Additional file 4

RT-PCR analysis of feline CMAH mRNA expression in different tissues of cat.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Uno, Y., Kawakami, S., Ochiai, K. et al. Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) associated with the erythrocyte antigens in dogs. Canine Genet Epidemiol 6, 9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-019-0076-1

Download citation

Keywords

  • Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase
  • Dog
  • N-glycolylneuraminic acid
  • N-acetylneuraminic acid
  • Mutation

Canine Medicine and Genetics

ISSN: 2662-9380